Choosing a Specific Dog Many people want a purebred dog because they like the looks or personality of the dog and are confident that the puppy they buy will grow up to be a representative of the breed it represents. Others believe that a mixed breed will do just as well, and there are many shelters, humane societies, and rescue groups that take in dogs in need of a home. No matter what dog a person chooses, it is important that it is a healthy animal. When evaluating a puppy or an adult dog, several characteristics will help determine the animal’s physical condition. The dog should appear friendly and outgoing. Puppies, in particular, should be curious and enthusiastic, with a wagging tail. They should not trail behind or appear timid or fearful. The eyes should be bright and shiny with no discharge, and the insides of the eyelids should be smooth and pink. The ears should smell clean and be free of food debris. The gums should be pink and firm, except in the Chow Chow and Shar Pei, which have black gums and tongue. The skin should be warm and dry to the touch. Sticky skin or the presence of red spots, crusts, scales, or parasites indicate problems that may be external or internal. The coat should be clean and smell good. The dog should be in good shape and proportions, but not obese or so thin that the ribs and hip bones are visible.

Purebred dog buyers should be aware of the characteristics of the breed they are considering so they can ask the breeder the right questions and evaluate the quality of the dog they are buying. Many purebred dogs have hidden genetic problems that good breeders are aware of. Many of these problems can be controlled through proper breeding, but the buyer should know—by reading about the breed and talking to breeders—what questions to ask. Mixed-breed dogs may also have hidden genetic problems, but it is impossible to know which ones or how they will ultimately affect the dog.

Veterinary research aimed at identifying genetic defects and thus helping breeders select the best breeding stock is making significant progress. By eliminating dogs with genetic abnormalities from their gene pool, breeders can help maintain the health and viability of the breed.